Advanced multi-anvil technology

There are numerous websites that provide explanations of the multi-anvil experiment. I recommend visiting these pages to gain a general understanding of the experiment. In particular, I suggest the following resources:

• Hiroshima University
• On the Cutting Edge
• National Centre of Experimental Mineralogy and Petrology

We have developed a standard Kawai-type multi-anvil press and a heating system optimized for use with multi-anvil presses, both of which are commercially available at a reasonable price. Details about these systems can be found on the following page:

• Kawai-type multi-anvil press (under construction)
• High-stability heating system (under construction)

In addition to the established capabilities of the multi-anvil experiment, we employ several advanced high-pressure-temperature experimental techniques using multi-anvil presses, enabling us to conduct innovative research:

1. Ultrahigh-pressure generation: We can achieve pressures up to 50 GPa, corresponding to depths of 1,500 km within the Earth [Ishii et al., 2019; Ishii et al., 2022]. This pressure range is twice as broad as that of other laboratories (25 GPa).
2. Ultrahigh-temperature generation: Our system can reach temperatures up to 3000 K, which is 1.5 times higher than other systems (typically up to 1800 K) [Nishida et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021]. This capability allows, for example, the complete melting of peridotite.
3. Homogeneous temperature field: We can generate a highly uniform temperature field using a zero-temperature gradient furnace, which prevents solid-melt segregation and facilitates the study of partially melted rocks [Zarei et al., 2017].
4. Advanced in situ X-ray observation: Our cutting-edge synchrotron in situ X-ray observation techniques enable precise determination of phase relations [Katsura, 2007; Ishii et al., 2018; Ishii et al., 2019; Chanyshev et al., 2022].
5. Rapid-quench technique: We can quench hydrous and ultramafic melts into glasses at cooling rates ten times faster than standard methods [Bondar et al., 2020; Bondar et al., 2021]. This technique allows us to investigate the properties of mantle melts through various post-experiment analyses [Bondar et al., 2022].